Oil sand is a porous rock layer often a mixture of sand, clay, water and bitumen. Oil sands most often refer to Canada where over 170 million barrels of bitumen are estimated to be in place. It is a sedimentary rocks containing heavy oil that cannot be extracted by conventional petroleum recovery methods. The extraction …
The geological theory developed to explain observations that interactions of the brittle plates of the lithosphere with each other and with the softer underlying asthenosphere lead to large-scale changes in the Earth. The theory of plate tectonics initially stemmed from observations of the shapes of the continents, particularly South America and Africa, which fit together …
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Fee to be paid by LNG shippers for the use of a regasification terminal. Fees in 2002 were around $0.40 mmbtu and in 2008 are around $0.70 mmbtu in Europe. Main reason for the increase in the tariff is the higher cost of building the terminals due to higher steel prices, higher storage costs and …
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A preliminary permit shall terminate upon the holder’s notifying the Commissioner that he has completed his investigations, such notification to be given within one month after completion of the investigations; upon the Commissioner’s cancelling the permit for non-compliance with a condition imposed upon the holder. > >
The Budget Foundations Law applies to any Government company in Israel and thus applies to IEC. According to provisions of section 29 of the Budget Foundations Law, a government company cannot agree to changes in pay, retirement terms or pensions, or any other monetary benefits relating to work, and cannot introduce any such changes or …
The 1992 OSPAR convention is the current instrument guiding international cooperation on the protection of the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic. It combined and up-dated the 1972 Oslo Convention on dumping waste at sea and the 1974 Paris Convention on land-based sources of marine pollution. The signatories to the convention are Belgium, Denmark, Finland, …
Tankers are used to transport crude oil and refined products in waterborne trade. Ship carrying crude oil or refined products. The tankers can be used in either “clean” (light refined products such as gasoline and diesel fuel) or “dirty” (residual fuel and crude oil) trade. The tankers range in size from the small vessels used …
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There are two modes of transportation for inter-regional trade: tankers and pipelines. Tankers have made global (intercontinental) transport of oil possible, and they are low cost, efficient, and extremely flexible. Pipelines, on the other hand, are the mode of choice for transcontinental oil movements. Not all tanker trade routes use the same size ship. Each …
If you have heard of the Northern Lights, then you may know that they’re generated by electrical currents from the earth’s surface (both sea and land). Telluric current is the name for these naturally occurring low-frequency electrical currents. Oil companies examine the currents when analyzing petroleum reserves.
The platform is permanently moored by means of tethers or tendons grouped at each of the structure’s corners. A group of tethers is called a tension leg. As with the Seastar platform, these legs allow for significant side to side movement (up to 20 feet), with little vertical movement. Tension leg platforms can operate as …
