Assigned amounts
The official term in the Kyoto Protocol defining the total allowed emissions for a party over the commitment period 2008-2012. Emissions trading and CDM could add or subtract from this amount
Associated gases; Associated dissolved natural gas; Casinghead gas; Gas-cap gas; Solution gas; Dissolved gas; Casinghead gas
Associated gas is a natural gas found in contact with or dissolved in crude oil in the reservoir. Associated gas is an emulsion produced from saturated crude oil. Associated-dissolved natural gas, also called casinghead gas, is defined as the combined volume of natural gas that occurs in crude oil reservoirs either as free gas (associated) or …
Associated reservoir
Oil and gas reservoir with a gas cap. Gas production from these reservoirs is generally restricted in order to preserve the gas cap energy thereby increasing ultimate recovery
Atlantic Basin
Countries on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. In oil trading, the world is typically considered at the highest level of aggregation in two parts: the Atlantic Basin and the East of Suez region. The former includes countries around the Atlantic rim, i.e. the Americas, Europe, West and North Africa and also Russia and Caspian …
Auger boring; Auger drilling
Used for cohesive soils and cohesionless soils above groundwater elevations. Augers are rotated until filled with soil and then removed to surface. A good method for drilling at shallow depths
Avoided cost (electricity)
The amount of money that an electric utility would need to spend for the next increment of electric generation to produce or purchase elsewhere the power that it instead buys from a cogenerator or small-power producer. Regulators (including the PUA-Electricity in Israel) establish broad guidelines for determining how much a licensed facility gets paid for …
Awards in predefined areas, awards in predefined areas options
Such as when a country does a round to award rounds to enhance exploration activities in mature areas, where expectations are smaller discoveries that cannot justify an independent development and where it is therefore good resource management to discover and develop these resources before existing infrastructure in connection to other fields are shut down
Azimuth
The angular distance between true south and the point on the horizon directly below the sun. Typically used as an input for opaque surfaces and windows in computer programs for calculating the energy performance of buildings
Back flow
Fluid flow in the borehole from one zone into another in response to pressure differences between the zones. Any time the wellbore pressure rises above the average pressure in any zone, backflow will occur. The term is often mistakenly called cross flow
Backhaul in trade and freight of oil
Backhaul voyages occur when cargo is moved on the return leg of a journey. As charter rates incorporate the return ballast leg of a journey, backhaul opportunities represent an opportunity for supplementary income for tanker owners. For example, a vessel could load in West Africa and head East on its return from a laden voyage …