The electric grid delivers electricity from points of generation to consumers, and the electricity delivery network functions via two primary systems: the transmission system and the distribution system. The transmission system delivers electricity from power plants to distribution substations, while the distribution system delivers electricity from distribution substations to consumers. The grid also encompasses myriads …
Desalination is a process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater, brackish water, or treated wastewater. A number of technologies have been developed for desalination, including reverse osmosis (RO), distillation, electrodialysis, and vacuum freezing. The main disadvantages of desalination is the lack of siting flexibility due to the need to …
Continue reading “Desalination; Desalination facility; Water desalination; Desalinated water.”
Horizontal and directional drilling are other methods of increasing a well’s productivity while reducing the environmental footprint of an oil and gas operation. New technologies enable us to drill laterally or horizontally beneath the surface, as opposed to vertically, allowing for a wider range of possible well configurations. It is the intentional deviation of a …
Natural gas can also exist in Devonian shale deposits. Devonian shales are formed from the mud of shallow seas that existed about 350 million years ago (during the Devonian period of the Paleozoic era). These shales can contain natural gas, usually when two thick, black shale deposits ‘sandwich’ a thinner area of shale. Because of …
Sampling can be done manually or automatically, it can be done in the tankers or in the pipeline. It is important that the product that enters the sampling bottle remains undisturbed by the sampling process itself and thus the type of bottle used must be adequate for crude oil (simple plastic bottle will not be …
Liquid petroleum as produced from the ground. Unrefined liquid petroleum. It ranges in gravity from 9°API to 55°API and in color from yellow to black. Its main usages are for transportation both road and air, for heating and as feedstock for the petrochemical industry. Global reserves of crude oil currently suffice for about 40 years, …
An LNG plant is highly energy-intensive and refrigeration section is the main consumer of energy. The operational flexibility and efficiency of the refrigeration section are critical to the overall efficiency of the LNG plant. Main cryogenic heat exchanger or MCHE is the heart of the refrigeration section and is the most important heat-transfer equipment in …
Cryogenic processes capitalize on the fact that methane and nitrogen change phase (from gas to liquid) at different temperatures. By manipulating and controlling the pressures and temperatures in the system, the methane is liquefied and collected as it drops out of the gas. The gas is then re-vaporized, yielding a sales stream with nitrogen levels …
Volume of gas which is required in underground storage field to maintain minimum field pressure. This cushion gas (or base gas) is not available for withdrawal so long as the storage site is being actively operated. The cushion gas is only produced when the facility is decommissioned. The quantity of natural gas needed to maintain …
Chips and small fragments of rocks as the result of drilling that are brought to the surface by the flow of drilling mud as it is circulated. Cuttings are important to geologists, who examine them for information concerning the type of rock being drilled
