The methods used to manage energy demand including energy efficiency, load management, fuel substitution and load building. The concept is designed to encourage consumers to modify patterns of electricity usage, including the timing and level of electricity demand. It refers to only energy and load-shape modifying activities that are undertaken in response to utility-administered programs. It does not refer to energy and load-shaped changes arising from the normal operation of the marketplace or from government-mandated energy-efficiency standards. Demand side management is achieved by 4 means: decrease demand for energy; increasing demand during off-peak hours; shifting demand from peak to off-peak hours and conservation