Make a hole through the casing with a shaped charge of high explosives instead of a gun that fires projectiles. The loaded charges are lowered into the hole to the desired depth. Once detonated, the charges emit short, penetrating jets of high-velocity gases that cut holes in the casing and cement and some distance into the formation. Formation fluids then flow into the well bore through these perforations.
Gas that is generated by decomposition of organic material at landfill disposal sites. The average composition of landfill gas is approximately 50 percent methane and 50 percent carbon dioxide and water vapor by volume. The methane percentage, however, can vary from 40 to 60 percent, depending on several factors including waste composition (e.g. carbohydrate and cellulose content). The methane in landfill gas may be vented, flared, combusted to generate electricity or useful thermal energy on-site, or injected into a pipeline for combustion off-site. electricity can be produced from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) using either a Refuse-Derived-Fuel (RDF) technology or Landfill Gas (LFG) technology
Interstate pipelines carry natural gas across state boundaries
The forcing or pumping of substances, such as gases or liquids, into a porous and permeable subsurface rock formation
The idea that oil producers and consumers are mutually dependent on one another. An appreciation of interdependence in an important component in the evolving conception of
energy security.
Energy interdependence is about building a relationship of mutual dependence between energy producers and energy consumers. In reality, producers continue to invest billions of dollars in consuming countries – particularly the United States – and both sides have a strong interest in a healthy global economy. More specifically, consumers worry about security of supply; producers worry about security of demand. We can address both worries by increasing access and investment across the entire value chain from upstream oil and gas fields to refining and transportation to downstream markets – and developing widely-based joint ventures. Energy in the 21st century is increasingly characterized by large institutions responsible for satisfying consumer’s energy needs; long distances separating resource exploitation from resource consumption; finite nature of fossil fuel resources; the need for vast investments to satisfy world requirements ($1 trillion a year until 2030); climate change; petrodollars earned by oil and gas exporting countries and paid by importers all requires increasing interaction among nations all leading to greater energy interdependence, rather than national energy independence.
Water occupying pore volumes in rock
Inside diameter of a pipeline, the measurement of which is important as one of the measures required to calculate the pipeline’s gas flow capacity
The injection rate is the volume of gas that can be put into storage over a period and is dependent on the physical attributions of each type of storage.
Swath-sounding sonar techniques that use the phase content of the sonar signal to measure the angle of a wave front returned from a sonar target. When backscattered sound energy is received back at the transducer, the angle the return ray of acoustic energy makes with the transducer is measured. The range is calculated from two-way travel time. The angle is determined by knowing the spacing between elements within the transducer, the phase difference of the incoming wavefront, and the wavelength
A vertical section of rock distinct from that above or below
