05.07.2009

LNG terminals work with low storage to throughput ratios compared with an oil terminal. The reason for the low storage levels is the cost of building LNG tanks, which are the most expensive part of a conventional terminal and take upwards of three years to construct. Because of the expense of the tanks, most terminals designed for throughput up to 5 mtpa will be constructed with only two tanks – each of which will have roughly the same capacity of an LNG ship (approx. 130,000 – 160,000 cubic meters). Although it is possible to operate a terminal with only one tank, the logistics of this require very reliable delivery and offtake

Set of pipes and valves directing the effluent or production into facilities

Measurements-while-drilling (MWD) and logging-while-drilling (LWD) logs are also taken downhole. They are either transmitted to surface by mud pulses, or else recorded downhole and retrieved later when the instrument is brought to surface. The measurement of formation properties during the excavation of the hole, or shortly thereafter, through the use of tools integrated into the bottomhole assembly. LWD, while sometimes risky and expensive, has the advantage of measuring properties of a formation before drilling fluids invade deeply. Further, many wellbores prove to be difficult or even impossible to measure with conventional wireline tools, especially highly deviated wells. In these situations, the LWD measurement ensures that some measurement of the subsurface is captured in the event that wireline operations are not possible.

The LPG (cooking gas) industry in Israel comprises a broad, nationally deployed system and includes facilities for the production, storage, filling, handling, and delivery of LPG to consumers. Four gas companies are today active in the branch: Amisragas, Dorgaz, Supergaz and Pazgaz, accounting for 92% of Israel’s LPG gas market.

The LPG market in Israel in 2009 had a turnover of about 2.5 billion shekels a year and the RoI in this sector is relatively high. In Israel and the PA about 500 thousand tons of LPG are sold per year: 210 thousand tons to business consumers composed of about 3,000 businesses (this is the largest segment but the one with the lowest RoI); private customers that buy a total of 160 thousand tons with low per customer consumption but high profits (consists of 1,000,000 households that receive gas by a central pipeline system and 800,000 that are supplied by tanks) and 130 thousand tons sold to the PA.

The LPG vehicle market in Israel includes about 40 re-filling stations and about 15,000 private cars that can run on LPG.

Fee to be paid by LNG shippers for the use of a regasification terminal. Fees in 2002 were around $0.40 mmbtu and in 2008 are around $0.70 mmbtu in Europe. Main reason for the increase in the tariff is the higher cost of building the terminals due to higher steel prices, higher storage costs and the generally higher price tag on terminals

Can be either on a pier, on a one buoyed or multi-buoys, or STS

OPERATION LORAN is a net work of land based radio transmitters and was developed to provide an accurate system for long range navigation. LORAN Stations Operations are organized into sub-groups of four to six stations called ” CHAIN “.One station in the Chain is designated the ” MASTER ” and others are called ” SECONDARY ” or ” SLAVE ” Stations

A single cyclic gas liquefaction processing unit. A liquefaction train is typically capable of producing between 3-8 million tons of LNG per annum. Each LNG plant consists of one or more trains.

As the term implies, these are manually operated block valves. Manual Gate Valves are placed in check valve sections from time to time in order to ensure more positive isolation than check valves can provide.