05.07.2009
A system giving eligible customers a right of access to transmission systems, distribution networks or terminals on the basis of published tariffs.
A reel pipelaying vessel which provides for both coating a pipeline and unreeling the same for subsea disposition. With the latest methods joints of pipe are welded on deck and then spooled or wound upon a reel. At a desired location, the pipeline is then placed on the seabed by unwinding the pipe from the reel and straightening it before it is lowered to the seabed.
The rate of reserves replacement of oil and gas companies
The difference in value between the products produced by a refinery and the value of the crude oil used to produce them.
Refining margins will thus vary from refinery to refinery and depend on the price and characteristics of the crude used,
The forcing of gas under pressure into an oil reservoir in an attempt to increase recovery
An installation method based on the onshore assembly of long sections of rigid steel pipeline, about 1 km long, which are welded together as they are spooled onto a vessel-mounted reel for transit and subsequent cost-effective unreeling onto the seabed. Minimum welding is done at sea
The refinery of oil entails the break down of crude oil down into its various components, which then are selectively changed into new products. All refineries perform three basic steps: separation (fractional distillation), conversion (cracking and rearranging the molecules) and treatment. The crude oil separates into fractions in a distillation tower according to weight and boiling point with the lightest fractions, including petrol and liquid petroleum gas (LPG), vaporize and rise to the top of the tower. Kerosene (aviation fuel) and diesel oil, stay in the middle of the tower whilst heavier liquids separate lower down with the heaviest fractions with the highest boiling points settling at the very bottom
Such as after a pipeline has been laid underground