Heat generated by the decay of radioactive fission products in a nuclear reactor after shutdown – termination of the chain reaction. The residual heat in the first seconds after shutdown amounts to about 5% of the power prior to shutdown. The residual heat in the fuel elements is equal to approx. 2 kW per tone nuclear fuel after three years of decay time, i.e. about 1 kW per fuel element of a pressurized water reactor
The use of residual heat to generate additional electricity from steam. In hot gas (gas turbine) turbines are driven directly by gases produced by the combustion of natural gas or oil. CCGT plants are driven by both steam and natural gas. They generate power by burning natural gas in a gas turbine and use residual heat to generate additional electricity from steam.
Residential tariff in Israel is solely for private households, places of worship and agricultural structures. Consumers pay a set monthly fee + a determined fixed rate per KwH
The extra generating capability that an electric utility – or a country as a whole – need, above and beyond the highest demand level it is required to supply to meet its users needs. In Israel reserves of electricity are very low at between 5-10%
This is the amount of electricity capacity available in a country over and above consumption during peak hours. In Israel reserves (as of 2008) are about 5% which is extremely low, especially considering that consumption is growing annually at between 3-5%. Currently, IEC’s capacity stands at 11,300 MW
The concept is to charge a very high tariff during these peak hours in return for a reduction in tariff during the remainder of the year. The objective is to provide incentives to high consumers to cut down either partly or completely their electricity consumption from the grid during peak consumption hours.
For instance, rolling peak schemes prescribe for time of use consumers a particularly high tariff for 100 hours a year in which demand is particularly high and, in consideration, the consumers in this arrangement enjoy reduced time of use tariff during other peak and shoulder clusters
Part of the approved expenses of the electricity sector
The amount of generating capacity that can be added to or removed from the system by an independent system operator’s energy management system. In this context, a system’s regulation is its capacity to be adjusted (regulated) on demand
Electricity can be produced from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) using either a Refuse-Derived-Fuel (RDF) technology or Landfill Gas (LFG) technology. An RDF facility processes Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to produce a fuel, which is burned in a combustion facility to produce electricity.
Reduction coefficients in the form of reduced costs each year are often set for monopoly utilities in order to bring about greater efficiency reflecting the advantage of size
