Author: bomuo

The primary energy source of natural gas is a substance called methane (CH4). Coal bed methane (CBM) is simply methane found in coal seams. It is produced by non-traditional means, and therefore, while it is sold and used the same as traditional natural gas, its production is very different. CBM is generated either from a biological process as a result of microbial action or from a thermal process as a result of increasing heat with depth of the coal.

CSG is methane gas that is trapped in coal deposits; it is a natural gas formed as a by-product during the coalification process whereby organic matter is turned into coal. To extract the gas a hole is drilled down into the coal seam and is cased. The coal seam is perforated which then enables the gas to flow to the surface, where it is gathered and processed as required. Unlike conventional natural gas reservoirs, where gas is trapped in the pores or void spaces of a rock such as sandstone or limestone, methane trapped in coal is adsorbed onto the coal surface (cleats and joints) or micropores and held in place by reservoir and (water) pressure. Hence the coal is the source and the reservoir for the methane. To extract the CSG wells are drilled into the coal seams – the water is pumped out and the CSG is then released (desorbed) from the coal. If the pressure within the seam is high enough the gas may flow to the surface unaided, if not the gas must be pumped. Various techniques have been developed to enhance the rate of desorbtion, including the pumping of carbon dioxide underground to increase field pressure (which leads some CSG promoters to describe it as a form of “clean coal”). Like shale gas, seam gas is often called unconventional gas. In the past though this gas was viewed as more of a hazard to miners than a benefit. The micropore surface area of coal is very large, and can potentially hold significantly more methane per unit volume than most conventional reservoirs. The amount of gas trapped in the coal is a function of coal rank, pressure and temperature. Coal generally has lower permeabilities than conventional reservoirs so the rates of production are usually lower. In order to achieve optimal production rates, one method used is to stimulate the coal reservoirs by hydraulic fracturing. Newer drilling techniques like surface to in-seam (SIS) make fracturing unnecessary and also increase productivity. CSG is naturally an odorless gas that is used just like any other form of conventional gas

In order to produce CSG, a well is typically drilled to a depth of between 500m–1,000m to intersect the gas bearing coal seams. Steel casing is cemented into the well bore to isolate the hole from all surrounding stratigraphy and to seal it from the surrounding environment. The casing is then perforated at the depth of the coal seam, to further isolate the gas extraction zone. Hydraulic fracture stimulation is where a sand and water mixture is pumped into the coal seam through the perforations at the target zone at high pressure until the coal structurally cracks. Fractures propagate horizontally from the well bore, typically in two directions. These fractures, deep in the coal seam, have no effect on the ground surface. The injected sand is used as a proppant to prevent the fractures from fully closing. Essentially the sand is squashed by the coal seam and the sand in the coal establishes a porous pathway, enabling previously trapped gas to flow into the well bore. After the fracture stimulation, a work-over rig installs production tubing in the well, a pump (if required) and surface facilities (well head, piping and instrumentation, etc). The water pump may be required for a short time to extract excess water from the coal seam. The gas extracted from a completed well that is in production flows through a gathering line network, under its own pressure. Gas production is dependent on many factors. These typically include the thickness of coal gas content, permeability (ability for the gas to flow), depth of the coal seam and purity of the gas. CSG is typically found at depths ranging between 400m – 1,000m. These shallower depths make it possible to use smaller, more mobile, truck-mounted drilling rigs than those used for conventional gas. This reduces the surface foot print of the activity and improves exploration cost efficiencies.

A raised platform for the unloading of coal from wagons or other containers. Since 2000 a coal jetty operates in the Ashkelon port. This jetty serves the Israel Electric Corporation’s Rutenberg power station and EAPC provides all marine services (pilotage, mooring, etc.). Coal carriers of up to 200,000 DWT are unloaded at this jetty, by means of two cranes, at a rate of 1,800 tons per hour each >

Process of converting solid coal into natural gas before it is used in a power station to render it more environmentally friendly. Gasification exposes coal to temperatures that would normally cause the coal to combust but by carefully regulating the amount of oxygen in the gasifier and adding steam, the coal does not burn but rather separates into syngas. Syngas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The syngas can then be ‘shifted’ with the addition of more steam to produce more hydrogen and to convert the carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide (CO2). The gasification of coal and other substances (petcoke, refinery bottom waste, biomass etc.) is not new. For example, China has been successfully gasifying coal for decades for ‘town gas’, chemical feedstock and for its domestic fertilizer industry.

Burning coal produces a range of pollutants that harm the environment: sulfur dioxide (acid rain); nitrogen oxides (ground-level ozone) and particulates (affects people’s respiratory systems). There are a number of options to reduce these emissions, such as FGD, Nox reduction, particulates emissions reduction, coal gasification or integrated gas combined cycle technology. If coal station E is constructed in Israel it will probably be with this clean coal technology, which is coal gasification technology – a chemical plant that transforms the coal into syngas, mainly into methane, that is burned in regular gas turbines or CCGTs. The critic, supercritic, and ultra super critic coal power plants should not be classified as CCT

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