05.07.2009
In transporting gas from the production field to the end user, the demand fluctuates throughout the day, known as “diurnal swing”. The production field exports gas at a steady rate, but it is used variably throughout the day by customers (e.g. less during the night). Some of this swing capacity can be built into the production facilities and some can be provided by the national transmission system (all at a price of course).
Swing can be achieved by throttling the flowrate at a pressure reduction platform and thus using the flowlines from the field as storage. This is known as packing where rates into the flowlines exceed withdrawal rates, and then at times of high demand the pressure is allowed to fall which is known as drafting where rates into the pipeline are less than withdrawal
In other countries (besides Israel) gas is usually stored when demand is low in order to compensate for this, so that it can be used when demand is high.
Sorry, this entry is only available in עברית.
Secondary seismic waves. A seismic wave with a direction of vibration that is perpendicular to the direction of travel. S-waves are slower than P-waves and travel only through solids
A “swath-sounding” sonar system is one that is used to measure the depth in a line extending outwards from the sonar transducer. Systems acquire data in a swath at right angles to the direction of motion of the transducer head. As the head moves forward, these profiles sweep out a ribbon-shaped surface of depth measurement, known as a swath. Current swath sounding systems utilize two different technologies to achieve bathymetry measurements across a “swath” of the sea floor: 1) Beam forming (multibeam echo sounders), and 2) interferometric or phase discrimination sonars. Both of these techniques have their merits, however the same end results are achieved
When companies swap quantities of gas, from different locations, or different development times.
Shut-off valve on the well
To reduce pressure in a wellbore by moving pipe, wireline tools or rubber-cupped seals up the wellbore. If the pressure is reduced sufficiently, reservoir fluids may flow into the wellbore and towards the surface. Swabbing is generally considered harmful in drilling operations, because it can lead to kicks and wellbore stability problems. In production operations, however, the term is used to describe how the flow of reservoir hydrocarbons is initiated in some completed wells.
Swabbing is an operation by which the heavier fluid column from the wellbore is manually withdrawn from the well. This has the effect of lowering the hydrostatic pressure in the well and allowing potentially lighter fluid (hydrocarbons) from the rock to be produced through natural flow.
Sustainability is a broad concept referring to the need to balance the satisfaction of near-term interests with the protection of the interests of future generations, including their interest to a safe and healthy environment. Sustainable energy is the ability to meet the energy needs of the current population without compromising the energy needs of future generations. Those that promote this concept often advocate renewable energy sources, energy efficiency as well as an energy policy that leads to a cleaner environment and safe reliable energy technologies