An oil well-surveying method that determines the direction and angle of a formation dip in relation to the borehole. It records data that makes it possible to calculate both the amount and direction of the formation dip relative to the axis of the hole and thus provides information about the geologic structure of the formation.
inclined fractures where the blocks have mostly shifted vertically
The angle that a planar geologic surface (for example, a fault) is inclined from the horizontal. The angle of inclination of a geologic layer or sedimentary bed.
A hydrocarbon fluid that is used to dilute heavy oil and reduce its viscosity for easier transportation.
A body of rock that cuts across the layers of its surroundings. Most dikes are made of magma, but some are made of sediments. The sandstone dikes were put emplaced as hydrocarbons and gases moved into the thick sand bed soon after it was buried and the sand dike rose into the overlying mud while all of the material was not yet hardened into stone. What defines a dike is that it cuts across the bedding planes of the rock it intrudes. When an intrusion cuts along the bedding planes, it is called a sill. In a simple set of flat-lying rock beds, dikes are vertical and sills are horizontal
The movement of molecules from area of high concentration to low concentration within a solution
The physical, chemical or biological alteration of sediments into sedimentary rock at relatively low temperatures and pressures that can result in changes to the rock’s original mineralogy and texture and can result in the creation of some forms of porosity
Natural gas can also exist in Devonian shale deposits. Devonian shales are formed from the mud of shallow seas that existed about 350 million years ago (during the Devonian period of the Paleozoic era). These shales can contain natural gas, usually when two thick, black shale deposits ‘sandwich’ a thinner area of shale. Because of some of the properties of these shales, the extraction of natural gas from shale formations is more difficult (and thus expensive) than extraction of conventional natural gas. Most of the natural gas containing Devonian shale in the U.S. is located around the Appalachian Basin. Although estimates of the amount of natural gas contained in these shales are high, it is expected that only about 10 percent of the gas is recoverable. However, their potential as a natural gas supply is still very promising, given an adequate technological and economic environment. The EIA estimates that there are 55.42 Tcf of technically recoverable shale gas in the United States, representing just under 5 percent of total recoverable resources
