05.07.2009
Tariff paid by the transmission licensee for the purchase of electric energy, based on a rate determined by the PUA. The rate can change based on the time of generation and the type of generation unit
The last string of casing set in a well, inside of which is usually suspended a tubing string.
The mass of carbon dioxide emissions emitted during the production of each unit of oil and gas. The GHG potentials of other greenhouse gases are included in the calculation
The phase of the petroleum industry that deals with bringing the well fluids to the surface and separating them and storing, gauging, and otherwise preparing the product for delivery. The aim of production operations is to safely maximize the recovery of hydrocarbons from the field.
Reserves subcategorized as producing are expected to be recovered from intervals which are open and producing at the time of the estimate. Improved recovery is considered to be producing only after the improved recovery project is in operation
PPI program measures the average change over time in the selling prices received by domestic producers for their output. Sellers view PPI based escalation favorably because it is a useful hedge against collapsing oil prices and thus many oil and gas sales contracts are linked to the PPI
A well that has the capacity to produce commercial quantities of oil or gas
Produced water describes water that is produced along with the oil and gas. Produced water originates from water that is trapped in permeable sedimentary rocks within the wellbore.
Produced water – any water produced to the surface from the wells along with the natural gas and condensates is called produced water. Produced water occurs because gas reservoirs are typically bounded by a lower layer of water below the gas-water contact. Water production from gas fields is usually of three types:
Condensed water – this is the water that is condensed at the surface facilities from the reservoir water-saturated gas phase.
Formation water – this is liquid water that is present in the reservoir above the gas water contact that is carried to the surface facilities with the gas phase during production.
Breakthrough water – this is water that is present at and below the GWC that rises as the reservoir pressure declines and enters the production tubing and arrives at the surface facilities.
Disposal of produced water can be problematic in environmental terms due to its highly saline nature. Produced water contains high levels of minerals, salts and other chemicals classified as non-hazardous.
There are certain schemes that treat produced water, by separating the oil from the water, selling the oil to refiners and treating the briny water by evaporation.