South Korea has three large shipbuilding companies: Hyundai Heavy Industries, the largest shipbuilding company in the world; Samsung Heavy Industries and Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering. South Korea dominates LNG shipbuilding orders
Method of pipelaying that utilizes the elastic properties afforded by steel, making the pipe configuration resemble an ‘S’, with one end on the seabed and the other under tension onboard the ship. This configuration is suited to medium to shallow-water laying.
Date that drilling begins
Transactions that are for less than one year. 10-12% of world LNG is traded on spot deals. The leading LNG spot exporters are Trinidad, Algeria, Oman and Qatar where spot LNG deals are seen as a complement to their long term trading and reduces the risk of starting a liquefaction plant without a gas sales and purchasing agreement covering the entire plant capacity. On the import side, the US has been the main driver for imports of spot LNG where LNG has mostly been based on short term transactions. Also on the demand side of the equation LNG spot helps to fill the gap between gas contracted for on a long term basis and actual demand of a given market. In so far as terminals are concerned this is often restricted by scheduling, storage and downstream pipeline constraints. A secondary source of spot LNG is what is known as re-direction of cargoes. . From the logistic point of view, the development of a spot LNG market requires surplus capacity of shipping and receiving terminals
Spar platforms are among the largest offshore platforms in use. These huge platforms consist of a large cylinder supporting a typical fixed rig platform. The cylinder however does not extend all the way to the seafloor, but instead is tethered to the bottom by a series of cables and lines. The large cylinder serves to stabilize the platform in the water, and allows for movement to absorb the force of potential hurricanes. Suitable for 2,000 – 10,000 feet
Sloshing is the phenomenon by which a moving fluid in a tank generates dynamic loads over the structure of the walls. It is a highly nonlinear phenomenon appearing in all marine structures containing liquids and is thus a problem of relative importance in the design of marine structures in general but the effects of sloshing loads are of great importance when designing LNG and FPSO tankers. The increasing traffic of LNG tankers and its growing capacities have lead to the need to accurately predict the loads acting on the structure by using valid methods for the estimation of sloshing effects. The importance of sloshing for these kinds of ships is related to the dimensions of the tanks, their distance to the centre of gravity, the filling level and the height of the ship itself. These parameters influence how the fluid in the tank will respond to an external excitation of the ship. This is an issue of concern in floating LNG units, if they are moving around massively in adverse sea conditions, especially in the cryogenic heat exchangers where it is necessary to make sure that the distribution of the fluid over the outside of the tubes or channels is even
To start the well drilling process by removing rock, dirt and other sedimentary material with the drill bit
Used in deepsea waters where it is not economical to use a jacket fixed to the sea floor
