A two-dimensional picture of the subsurface. It generates a seismic section, which is a two-dimensional slice from the surface of the earth downward. This section is known as 2D seismic because it shows the width and depth. These are seismic data lines acquired individually such that there typically are significant gaps (commonly 1 km or more) between adjacent lines.
Unfilled space in a container of liquid. Any amount by which a barrel is unfilled
The stress level at which the pipe will fail/rupture or “break.” The ultimate strength of the steel is determined by testing during the manufacture of the pipe
Carrier capable of transporting 500,000 DWT of crude oil
Compressor stations are used to help transship gas over a long territory, such as gas from Russia passing over Ukraine on its way to European markets
The 800-mile-long 48 inch Trans Alaska Pipeline System in operation since 1977 is one of the largest pipeline systems in the world. Starting in Prudhoe Bay on Alaska’s North Slope. It cost $8 billion to build in 1977. The pipeline transports more than 1 million barrels of oil from Deadhorse (near Prudhoe Bay) to Valdez, Alaska, USA
The vertical distance from a point in the well (usually the current or final depth) to a point at the surface, usually the elevation of the rotary kelly bushing. This is one of two primary depth measurements used by the drillers, the other being measured depth. TVD is important in determining bottomhole pressures
High pressure (transmission) and low pressure (distribution) pipelines
Turbidites are sea-bottom deposits formed by massive slope failures where rivers have deposited large deltas. Indeed, geological formations have their origins in turbidity current deposits, deposits from a form of underwater avalanche that are responsible for distributing vast amounts of clastic sediment into the deep ocean.
Sedimentary or tectonic structure where oil and/or natural gas has accumulated. These are structural highs where a porous rock unit is capped by an impermeable rock unit. Oil and gas trapped within the porous rock unit migrate to a high point in the structure because of their low density. A trap is any feature or characteristic of a formation which will allow the accumulation, but not the escape, of oil or gas. Traps can be structural – namely the trap has been produced by deformation of the beds after they were deposited either by faulting or folding or they can be stratigraphic traps – formed by changes in the nature of the rocks or their layering. Structural traps are usually easy to see on seismic; multiple targets are possible in a single prospect and they are usually lower risk. Stratigraphic traps are more difficult to see on seismic and entail higher risks.
