Periods of low production or low demand. In so far as Israel and electricity is concerned low consumption of electricity occurs for instance at night and on weekends. During these hours the electricity tariff is cheaper for those customers who have a time of use agreement
Nuclear power plants provide about 16 percent of the world’s electricity with approximately 440 nuclear power reactors operating in 30 countries. In France 75% of electricity is nuclear generated. Nuclear power is generated using uranium and is capable of producing energy from small amounts of fuel without causing pollution such as in the process of burning fossil fuels. The reactor uses uranium rods as fuel, and the heat is generated by nuclear fission. Neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium atoms, which split roughly in half and release energy in the form of heat. Carbon dioxide gas is pumped through the reactor to take the heat away, and the hot gas then heats water to make steam. The steam drives turbines which drive generators. Over the last 20 years no new nuclear power stations have been built except in France, with the trend being to either shut old stations or rehabilitate them. >Increasing the use of nuclear is a necessity to meet the rising global demand for energy (forecasted to double in the next 50 years) but is not a sufficient solution. Indeed, doubling world energy (+13TW) would require 13,000 new nuclear reactors which would mean a new reactor almost every day for the next 50 years! It takes 10 years to build a nuclear reactor. Only 60 new reactors will be completed in the next 10 years
The maximum continuous capacity / power for which a power station has been ordered and designed, as indicated on the makers’ nameplate or in the manufacturers’ specification
Power and energy lost by an electric system when not operating under demand
75% of France’s electricity is from nuclear power stations. This came about gradually after President De Gaulle decided to take France out of Algeria and render France energy independent.
In the UK, the first country to use nuclear energy for the generation of electricity about 19% of electricity comes from nuclear reactors but most of the 1950s-vintage Magnox stations are now shut, with the final two due to close over the next two years. After 2023 only one nuclear plant (at Sizewell in Suffolk) will still be working. And although the government wants a new set of nuclear plants built, it will probably be at least ten years before they begin to come online. China intends setting up an additional 8 nuclear power stations over the next three years until 2012 in addition to the 11 already in existence. Italy started using nuclear energy in 1963 but in 1987 after Chernobyl decided to close down its two reactors. In 2009, the Italian Parliament once again voted to reinstate nuclear energy due to the high cost of generating electricity in Italy (about 1.6 times the European average)
A corporation, person, agency, authority, or other legal entity or instrumentality that owns or operates facilities for electric generation and is not an electric utility. Nonutility power producers include qualifying cogenerators, qualifying small power producers, and other nonutility generators (including independent power producers).
Electric generation by end-users, or small power producers to supply electric power for their own self-use or for industrial, commercial operations or sales to electric utilities.
Any entity that generates, transmits, or sells electricity, where the tariff is not determined and recovered by a regulatory authority. Examples of these entities include, but are not limited to, independent power producers, power marketers and aggregators (both wholesale and retail), self-generation entities, and cogeneration firms, as opposed to utility electric supplier
