In a BOT arrangement, the private sector carries out the detailed design of the project and builds the infrastructure, finances its construction and owns, operates and maintains it over a period, often as long as 20 or 30 years, after which it is transferred to the state.
System that utilizes electromagnetic waves during pipelaying to signal collapse of or deformations to pipeline laid
Refers to the idea that emissions reductions anywhere within a specific area count toward compliance. For example, if a plant with multiple emissions sources is treated as being “under a emissions bubble”, regulators assess only the total emissions of the plant, not the emissions of each individual source, in determining compliance. Bubble also refers to an option in the Kyoto Protocol that allows a group of countries to meet their targets jointly by aggregating their total emissions. The member states of the European Union are utilizing this option.
A partial temporary reduction in system voltage. In most cases, brownouts are deliberately produced by energy providers as an emergency measure to prevent the system from failing completely (blacking out). Typically a utility will decrease system voltage by 10-25%, usually for a short period of time
The term refers to an oil or gas accumulation that has matured to a production plateau or even progressed to a stage of declining production.
