05.07.2009
A compression process that reorients and reshapes the grains of a sediment in response to the weight of overlying deposits
Transporter who holds himself out to the general public for the transportation of goods (such as gas) over a definite route and according to a regular schedule. Transmission system is a common carrier
An element in a two-part pricing method used in capacity transactions (energy charge is the other element). The capacity tariff is calculated based on the amount of capacity being purchased
The mixing of one producer’s generated supply of electric energy or natural gas with another utility’s generated supply within a transmission system
Simultaneous production of electricity and thermal or mechanical energy from the same fuel source.
Generation of electricity and useful thermal energy simultaneously from a common fuel source. The rejected heat from industrial processes can be used to power an electric generator. Surplus heat from an electric generator can be used for industrial processes, or for heating purposes.
In practical terms, what cogeneration usually entails is the use of what would otherwise be wasted heat (such as a manufacturing plant’s exhaust) to produce additional energy benefit, such as to provide heat or electricity for the building in which it is operating.
Cogeneration is the process of generating electricity and heat (such as steam) simultaneously through the optimal efficient use of the fuel. There are two main technologies for generation electricity and steam through cogeneration: a steam turbine and a gas turbine. The first is for use in industrial plants that mostly need steam whilst the second is used more prominently in industrial plants that need more electricity. When industries that lean towards more steam generate steam and electricity through the cogeneration process with a steam turbine, it is possible to reach a fuel efficiency of about 80% and an effective electricity efficiency of 68%, which compares to the efficiency of using natural gas in a CCGT of about 58% and of coal that runs between 30%-40% efficiency
To turn coal into liquid fuel is a very intensive process requiring much coal, water and a lot of money (the price of a plant is estimated at $4 billion). The coal must be fired up to 1,000 degrees and mixed with water. Then the gas that’s created is transformed into fuel that can be used in cars and jets. To wean the US off of just 1 million barrels of the 21 million barrels of crude oil consumed daily, an estimated 120 million tons of coal would need to be mined each year. In addition, the extensive use of CTL substantially increases carbon emissions
High viscosity liquid product resulting from the carbonization of coal (the heating of coal in the absence of air at temperatures ranging from about 900° to 1,200° C). Many commercially important compounds are derived from coal tar. Low-temperature tars result when coal, peat, lignite, or wood are carbonized at temperatures not exceeding 700° C