Gasoline which is obtained directly from crude oil by fractional distillation. Straight-run gasoline generally must be upgraded to meet current motor fuel specifications. Its important characteristics include its octane number (Ron, Mon), oxygenated/non-oxygenated, vapor pressure (RVP) – summer and winter, its sulfur content, aromates, olefines, etc.
Surface in a reservoir above which predominantly gas occurs and below which predominantly oil occurs.
The layers in a reservoir are gas, then oil below and water below that.
Gas and oil are miscible, so the contact between gas and oil is transitional, forming a zone containing a mix of gas and oil.
Re-gas vessels have recently been developed (2005) as an alternative to onshore LNG import terminals. The vessel provides for the on-board regasification of LNG and discharge the high pressure gas directly into the transmission system via a dedicated mooring arrangement (STL buoy) and subsea high pressure pipeline, thus bypassing the need for the onshore terminal. This new concept has several advantages: less stringent regulatory requirements than onshore terminal, less security concerns, greater flexibility as the system is relatively easy to move to meet demand at varying locations
Facility to re-gasify gas that has been liquefied. Part of the LNG process that includes production of the natural gas, liquefaction of the gas, shipment of the liquid gas from the source country to the consumer country followed by its re-gasification and transmission in the national transmission system to the end consumer
Gasification is a thermo-chemical process that breaks down coal – or virtually any carbon-based feedstock – into its basic chemical constituents. In a modern gasifier, coal is typically exposed to steam and carefully controlled amounts of air or oxygen under high temperatures and pressures. Under these conditions, molecules in coal break apart, initiating chemical reactions that typically produce a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and other gaseous compounds. The environmental benefits of gasification stem from the capability to achieve extremely low SOx, NOx and particulate emissions from burning coal-derived gases. Sulfur in coal, for example, is converted to hydrogen sulfide and can be captured by processes presently used in the chemical industry. Coal gasification may offer a further environmental advantage in addressing concerns over the atmospheric buildup of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide. If oxygen is used in a coal gasifier instead of air, carbon dioxide is emitted as a concentrated gas stream in syngas at high pressure. In this form, it can be captured and sequestered more easily and at lower costs. By contrast, when coal burns or is reacted in air, 79 percent of which is nitrogen, the resulting carbon dioxide is diluted and more costly to separate. Gasification of fossil fuel is widely used for the generation of electricity but almost any type of organic material can be used as the raw material for gasification and it can be an important technology for renewable energy.
