03.08.2009
Removal of a facility (e.g. reactor) from service, also the subsequent actions of safe storage, dismantling and making the site available for unrestricted use.
(1) Full unitization: 1 operator, 1 development, 1 evacuation route where all costs in common, common stream at sales point; (2) Joint Development: 1 operator, 1 development, 1 or more evacuation route, some costs in common, individual sales rights; (3) Co Operative Development: 2 operators, 2 developments, 1 or more evacuation route, no costs in common, individual sales rights. What is the different basis for determining each entity’s share of gas in each license: Based on Gas in Place – Objective measure independent of development or price; Agree relevant formation by area and depth; Agree methodology and parameters; Carry out calculation jointly – If disagreement at any stage refer to expert or refer the whole process to expert, but this entails a certain amount of loss of control. How often are the shares in the different licenses determined/re-determined: Classically: First time – Pre-development decision; Second time – Post production; Other times – Possible. Current trend: Do it once pre development because it is simpler, and in any case it is never an exact science; redetermination diverts skills and resources; redetermination can sour relationships. Issues regarding cooperation between states in such cases include: States need to ensure reserve allocation and thus tax take is equitable and agree to various tax issues (agree to taxing rights, taxing jurisdiction, no double taxing); they need to agree to recognition of reserve and production allocations; to the costs allowed; they need to support project development and production (e.g. access to field); developers need certainty of government support; governments need to define who controls what, safety inspections and standards etc
The cost to generate 1 MWH of electricity with diesel oil is more than $200 (in March 2009), namely ten times more than with natural gas which would cost about $20 and compared to $30 for coal.
According to IEC, in 2010 it cost 13.4 agorot to generate 1 KwH of electricity, whilst it cost 47.9 agorot for 1 kwH by fuel oil and 1.43 shekels by gasoil
A major factor in the planning of a country’s electricity system is the cost of the non supply of electricity. This cost can change over time and depends inter alia on the existing back-up system and the economic cost of the damages that are caused due to the non supply of the energy. A study conducted in 1993 showed that the cost of one KWH of non supplied electricity to the Israeli market is $6.50-7.20. In August 2007 an external consultant calculated this cost to be $25 per KWH not supplied
By mid 2009 the adjusted average cost of a ton of coal in Israel was 240 NIS; In 2008 the adjusted average cost of a ton of coal was NIS 481 compared to 2007, when the adjusted average cost of a ton of coal was NIS 327.2. In 2006, the adjusted average cost of a ton of coal was NIS 291.9
Corex process is a special manufacturing process for making the production of iron more environmentally friendly by using conventional coal instead of coking coal, the customary ingredient. This plant burns uncoked coal, which means that the coking plant – one of the primary sources of emissions from an iron and steel plant – is now redundant. Corex is a smelting reduction process: Coal gasification, iron ore reduction, and liquefaction of the resulting iron are combined in one process. The gases produced can immediately be used for heating or for generating electricity in a gas and steam turbine power plant.
The central part of a nuclear reactor containing the fuel elements and any moderator