25.12.2009
Electricity generation facilities use huge amounts of water, especially for cooling purposes. For example, the Rutenberg coal power station in Ashkelon requires 330 thousand liters of sea water per hour when it is working on full capacity. Thus, when such a station is working at full capacity for 13 days it requires more water than the annual production capacity of the Ashdod water desalination plant. The water needs of a nuclear power station are between 20-80% greater than that of a coal, natural gas or fueloil operated power station
Such as the date that has been agreed upon for the start of the supply of natural gas in a GSA contract
States that have a renewable electricity mandate, requiring that a certain amount of their electricity come from renewable sources by a given year. This policy has been adopted by nearly half of the States in the US.
Siemens Israel is the Regional Company representing the global Siemens Company in Israel, now bringing the cutting edge technology, exceptional quality and vast capabilities of the Siemens brand to the Israeli market
24.12.2009
E.g. Those standard practices, methods and procedures conforming to safety and legal requirements which are attained by exercising that degree of skill, diligence, prudence and foresight which would reasonably and ordinarily be expected from a skilled and experienced international operator of a power facility engaged in the same type of undertaking under the same or similar circumstances to those pertaining in the country
Pressure and temperature transducers are used in borehole measurement tools such as are used in oil or gas wells. One characteristic of oil and gas wells is that often relatively high temperatures and pressures are encountered. These are pressure and/or temperature sensors
Petroleum Coke is produced in oil refineries as a by-product of the cracking of crude oil into a wide range of products. The crude is heated at high temperature and pressure in the presence of a catalyst to break down the heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter fractions; petroleum coke is essentially the solid residue of carbon left after all the liquid and gaseous products have been extracted. It represents less than 10% by weight of the original crude supplied to the refinery. The production of the lighter fractions (petroleum spirit, heating oil etc.) provides the economic justification for the process plant required; petroleum coke is a by-product of the process, but despite being a by-product it has a commercial value in various applications. Petroleum coke can be classified into various groupings: Anode grade coke is relatively pure and is used in dry cell batteries where it forms the anode; Fuel grade coke is used in power generation. It has a high calorific value and low ash content, but its high sulfur content raises environmental problems in the form of SOx emissions requiring flue gas treatment. At the same time, its low content of volatile compounds (all removed in the refinery) make it difficult to burn, and advanced FBC boilers are necessary; Calcined petroleum coke is produced by treating the green coke from the cracking process to drive off any remaining volatile compounds. This grade is mainly used for the electrodes in metallurgical arc furnaces, for example in aluminum production. However, this application requires low metal contents in the final anodes to avoid introducing impurities into the aluminum. The metal content of the petroleum coke depends on the quality of the crude oil feeding the refinery, and crudes may have to be blended to achieve the correct quality in the final coke (a more effective approach than trying to blend the final product). The major producer of petroleum coke in 2006 (UN figures) was the USA at 57,147,000 metric tons. This was well ahead of the next largest producer, China with production of 9,899,000 metric tons. Many other countries are also producers, but in much smaller quantities. The average June 2009 US price of petroleum coke for power generation was US$1.53/mmbtu. References:
The West Bank project company under development, which was established inter alia to construct a private power station in the West Bank
Mineral oil mist is a colorless, oily liquid mist generated as a result of the use of various mineral oils. It has an odor similar to burned lubricating oil. Oil mist is formed of oil particles 1.0-3.0 microns in diameter suspended in a current of air, with a ratio of 1 part oil to 200,000 parts air which can be used as pure mist for lubrication or purge mist for preservation.
This mixture is not a volatile organic compound (VOC); therefore there is no risk of explosion or combustion. There are two main oil mist applications, pure mist for lubrication and purge mist for preservation. The equipment and its operating conditions determine the type of mist application that should be used. Due to its advantages, whenever possible, pure mist is recommended to lubricate rotating equipment.