05.07.2009
A potential drill location near to an existing well. The offset distance may be governed by well spacing regulations
A well drilled near the discovery well. Also a well drilled to prevent oil and gas from draining from one tract of land to another where a well is being drilled or is already producing
The horizontal displacement between points on either side of a fault, which can range from millimeters to kilometers
Periods of low production or low demand. In so far as Israel and electricity is concerned low consumption of electricity occurs for instance at night and on weekends. During these hours the electricity tariff is cheaper for those customers who have a time of use agreement
Petrol’s octane rating is a measurement of the fuel’s ability to resist engine knocking in spark-ignition internal combustion engines. Knocking is what happens when parts or all of the air-fuel mixture prematurely ignites before the flame from the spark plug can reach it. Knock occurs when the fuel-air mix in the cylinder explodes instead of burning in a controlled way. This can be caused by ignition timing that is too early or engine overheating, where the heat from the cylinder itself causes the mixture to combust before the spark plug can burn the mixture. This causes a decrease in performance and might also harm the engine. Engines are designed to have a minimum RON rating for its fuel. If fuel has a high octane number, it will have a higher resistance to engine knocking. Usually, there are three different octane numbers associated with all petrols. Petrol’s Research Octane Number (RON) is measured under simple test conditions. Petrol’s Motor Octane Number (MON) is measured under tougher test conditions and at higher engine speed and temperature. The average of these two values is what becomes related closer to actual driving conditions. This value is known as the Road Octane Number, and is what should be used in filling stations.
Nuclear power plants provide about 16 percent of the world’s electricity with approximately 440 nuclear power reactors operating in 30 countries. In France 75% of electricity is nuclear generated. Nuclear power is generated using uranium and is capable of producing energy from small amounts of fuel without causing pollution such as in the process of burning fossil fuels. The reactor uses uranium rods as fuel, and the heat is generated by nuclear fission. Neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium atoms, which split roughly in half and release energy in the form of heat. Carbon dioxide gas is pumped through the reactor to take the heat away, and the hot gas then heats water to make steam. The steam drives turbines which drive generators. Over the last 20 years no new nuclear power stations have been built except in France, with the trend being to either shut old stations or rehabilitate them. >Increasing the use of nuclear is a necessity to meet the rising global demand for energy (forecasted to double in the next 50 years) but is not a sufficient solution. Indeed, doubling world energy (+13TW) would require 13,000 new nuclear reactors which would mean a new reactor almost every day for the next 50 years! It takes 10 years to build a nuclear reactor. Only 60 new reactors will be completed in the next 10 years
Work began on the NRCN in 1959 as part of the national policy to develop the Negev desert. The IRR-2 reactor operates on the NRCN, fueled by natural uranium, heavy water cooled and moderated. The reactor’s nominal capacity is 26 MW. The research conducted at the NRCN is designed to broaden the basic knowledge in nuclear sciences and adjacent fields, and to provide the foundation for the practical and economic utilization of nuclear energy. A national radioactive waste disposal site is situated at the NRCN. Radioactive waste from hospitals, research institutions, higher education facilities and factories is delivered to the site.
75% of France’s electricity is from nuclear power stations. This came about gradually after President De Gaulle decided to take France out of Algeria and render France energy independent.
In the UK, the first country to use nuclear energy for the generation of electricity about 19% of electricity comes from nuclear reactors but most of the 1950s-vintage Magnox stations are now shut, with the final two due to close over the next two years. After 2023 only one nuclear plant (at Sizewell in Suffolk) will still be working. And although the government wants a new set of nuclear plants built, it will probably be at least ten years before they begin to come online. China intends setting up an additional 8 nuclear power stations over the next three years until 2012 in addition to the 11 already in existence. Italy started using nuclear energy in 1963 but in 1987 after Chernobyl decided to close down its two reactors. In 2009, the Italian Parliament once again voted to reinstate nuclear energy due to the high cost of generating electricity in Italy (about 1.6 times the European average)
All nuclear energy generated today is produced from a process called fission, which involves the splitting of the nucleus of a heavy atom (a uranium atom, for example) into two or more lighter nuclei. The fission process isn’t what produces electricity. Instead, this process produces massive amounts of heat which is used to create steam. The steam drives large turbines which rotate electrical generators to produce electricity. The process is virtually identical to energy production from combustible fuels such as coal and natural gas, except that nuclear energy produces steam in a different way.
The two main nuclear incidents were the 1979 Three Mile Island in the USA and the Chernobyl incident in the Ukraine in 1986