Found 51 terms
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Billion Standard Cubic Meters
[BSCM]
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Good international industry practice
[GIIP]
Good International Industry Practice (GIIP) is described as the exercise of professional skill, diligence prudence and foresight that would be reasonably expected from skilled and experienced professionals engaged in the same type of undertaking in the same or similar circumstances globally. The circumstances that skilled and experienced professionals may find when evaluating the range of pollution prevention and control techniques available to a project, may include but are not limited to, varying levels of environmental degradation and environmental assimilative capacity as well as varying levels of financial and technical feasibility |
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Overnight costs (power station)
Overnight cost is an estimate of the cost at which a power plant could be constructed assuming that the entire process from planning through completion cold be accomplished in a single day. This concept is useful to avoid any impact of financing issues and assumptions on estimated costs. Once one has overnight costs, a complete modeling should explicitly take account of the time required to bring each generation technology online and the costs of financing construction in the period before a plant becomes operational. When one does the economics based on overnight costs, in order to properly compare the different technologies, it is worthwhile taking a generic facility of a specific size and configuration and assuming a location without unusual constraints or infrastructure needs. It is also important to use common boundaries for costing, as using different practices regarding the inclusion or exclusion of various components of costs can have a large impact on overall cost estimates. |
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אומדן עלות הקמה של תחנת כוח החל משלב התכנון וכלה בשלב הביצוע תוך יציאה מנקודת הנחה שכל התהליך יושלם ביום אחד. האומדן מנטרל כל השפעה של נושאי המימון והערכת עלויות. בהינתן עלות ה-overnight, על מודל מלא לקחת בחשבון את פרק הזמן הנדרש להשלמת כל יחידת ייצור ואת עלויות מימון הבניה עד למועד הפעלת תחנת הכוח. |
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Make up Aggregate
[MUG]
means for any Contract Year a quantity of Gas equal to the sum of Buyer’s Annual Deficiency Quantities in prior Contract Years less the sum of the Make-Up Quantities taken in prior Contract Years and expired Make-Up Aggregate |
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Wellhead shut in pressure; Shutin pressure; Static wellhead pressure; Closed in wellhead pressure
[WHSIP; CIWHP]
Static wellhead pressure during test |
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>הלחץ הסטטי בראש הבאר בזמן בדיקת הבאר |
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Packing and drafting
Terms relating to swing of gas. Packing is where flow rates of gas into a pipeline are greater than withdrawal rates, then at times of high demand for the gas the pressure in a pipeline is allowed to fall, leading to drafting, where rates into the pipeline are less than withdrawal |
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Integrated Production Modelling
[IPM]
Industry standard modelling tool used in the oil and gas industry to for instance size the Initial flowline and pipelines. Integrated Production Modelling spans many disciplines, integrating information from the reservoir, subsea, flowlines, pipelines, flow assurance, facilities and process engineering as well as costs, schedule, cash flow and economics. IPM is a time and cost effective technique for assessing and optimising field concepts whether it is in the well count, the phasing of wells, the subsea configuration, process configuration, timing of compression and expert line sizing. |
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מודל תפוקה משולב – מודל תפוקה משולב מתפרס על פני תחומים רבים, כולל נתונים על המאגר, סביבה תת-ימית, קווי צינור, קווי זרימה, הבטחת זרימה, מתקנים והנדסת תהליך לצד עלויות, לוח זמנים, תזרים מזומנים וכלכלת הפרויקט. המודל מאפשר להעריך ולתכנן את פרויקט הקידוח על כל מרכיביו – מספר הקידוחים, מיקום הקידוחים, קונפיגורציית הפרויקט, ביעילות מרבית. |
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Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion
[BLEVE]
This is a type of explosion that can occur when a vessel containing a pressurized liquid is ruptured. Such explosions can be extremely hazardous. A BLEVE can occur in a vessel that stores a substance that is usually a gas at atmospheric pressure but is a liquid when pressurized (for example, liquefied petroleum gas). The substance will be stored partly in liquid form, with a gaseous vapor above the liquid filling the remainder of the container. If the vessel is ruptured - for example, due to corrosion, or failure under pressure - the vapor portion may rapidly leak, dropping the pressure inside the container and releasing a wave of overpressure from the point of rupture. This sudden drop in pressure inside the container causes violent boiling of the liquid, which rapidly liberates large amounts of vapor in the process. The pressure of this vapor can be extremely high, causing a second, much more significant wave of overpressure (i.e., an explosion) which may completely destroy the storage vessel and project it as shrapnel over the surrounding area. A BLEVE does not require a flammable substance to occur, and therefore is not usually considered a type of chemical explosion. However, if the substance involved is flammable, it is likely that the resulting cloud of the substance will ignite after the BLEVE proper has occurred, forming a fireball and possibly a fuel-air explosion. BLEVEs can also be caused by an external fire nearby the storage vessel causing heating of the contents and pressure build-up |
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סוג של התפוצצות העלולה להתרחש כאשר מתבקע מיכל שבו מאוחסן נוזל דחוס בלחץ גבוה. ההתפוצצות יכולה ליצור סיכונים גבוהים. היא יכולה להתרחש גם במיכל שבו מאוחסן חומר, אשר בלחץ אטמוספרי הוא גז, אך בדחיסה בלחץ גבוה הוא במצב נוזלי (לדוגמה: גז פחמימני מעובה - גפ"מ). הבהרה: החומר המאוחסן במיכל הוא נוזל ומעליו שכבת גז. אם המיכל מתבקע, כתוצאה משיתוך (קורוזיה), חימום (כתוצאה מדליקה בקרבתו, לדוגמה), או מלחץ גבוה מדי - הגז ייפלט ממנו במהירות רבה, תוך ירידה חדה של הלחץ במיכל. כתוצאה מכך נוצר גל ראשוני של על-לחץ, שמקורו בנקודת הבקיעה. ירידת הלחץ הפתאומית במיכל, גורמת לרתיחה מואצת של הנוזל המאוחסן ויצירה מהירה של אדים בכמות רבה מאד. הלחץ שיוצרים האדים יכול להיות גבוה מאד ולגרום לגל על-לחץ שני, בעוצמה גדולה מזו של הגל הראשון, שיביא לפיצוצו של מיכל האחסון ולהרס מוחלט שלו. אם הגז המאוחסן הוא גם דליק - הפיצוץ ילווה בהתלקחות של ענן הגז ויצירת תופעת "כדור- אש", שיגבירו את הסיכונים בתאונה מסוג זה. |
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Mobile offshore application barge
[MOAB]
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Surface Pressure Limiting System
[SPLS]
System to limit pressure of natural gas flowing in pipelines |
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Concentrated solar thermal
[CST]
Technology to generate electricity based on converting the sun's energy to heat and using it to operate a generator |
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טכנולוגית ייצור חשמל המתבססת על המרת אנרגית שמש לחום וניצולו לצורך הפעלת מחולל (גנראטור) |
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Closed In Tubing Head Pressure
[CITHP]
Tubing head pressure when the well is shut in |
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Top kill
The primary objective of the top kill process is to put heavy kill mud into the well (such as the great spill in BP’s Gulf of Mexico well) so that it reduces the pressure and then the flow from the well. Once the kill mud is in the well and it is shut down, then BP intend to follow up with cement to plug the leak |
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Alternative Energy (Israel)
Israel has been taking the lead in a number of alternative energy fields aimed at reducing CO2 emissions and promoting the use of renewable energy. It is one of the first countries to actively promote zero-emission electric cars and prepare the infrastructure for mass marketing such vehicles. An Israeli company is currently active in developing and designing efficient solar power plants around the world; Israeli municipalities are contributing to international projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions; and in late 2007 Israel and the United States initiated a joint research alternative energy program that was signed into law. Israel's Efforts to Promote Alternative Energy Internationally Israeli Environmental Protection Minister Gilad Erdan attended the UN Summit on Climate Change in New York on Sept. 22, 2009 where he underscored Israel's commitment to reducing carbon emissions and implementing a comprehensive strategy for doing so. Erdan said that Israel is encouraging the use of natural gas, solar energy and clean coal technologies. Prior to the UN's Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009, Erdan stated that Israel's alternative energy strategy - based largely on a McKinsey & Company study his ministry commissioned - would put Israel on track to achieving 25 percent reliance on renewable energies. Said Israeli President Shimon Peres at the conference, "Israel is ready and able to serve as an international laboratory on renewable energy and that this is the important message that the Israeli delegation brings to Copenhagen." In order to meet this goal, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu decided to establish a ministerial committee on renewable energies and reducing oil dependence, comprising representatives from seven cabinet ministries. The First-Ever Electric Car Network By the end of 2010 Israel will be home to the world's first all-electric car network. The Israeli government announced on Jan. 21, 2008 its support of a plan to install the network. Electric cars will reduce the world's dependency on oil, lower air and noise pollution and eliminate carbon emissions from cars that create greenhouse gases. Better Place, a company owned by Israeli-American entrepreneur Shai Agassi, will provide lithium-ion batteries to power the cars and the infrastructure to refresh or replace them. One battery will enable the cars to travel 124 miles per charge. Better Place will install parking meter-like plugs on city streets and construct service stations along highways to replace the batteries. Solar technology, being developed in southern Israel, will generate the electricity to power the cars. The all-electric cars are built by Renault-Nissan and will expand to Denmark, Hawaii, California, Canada and Australia. Renault-Nissan will offer a small number of its existing electric models, such as the "Megane" sedan, at prices roughly comparable to gasoline models. Israel will be the first country to host this technology and was also where the original technology was invented. "Jerusalem will be the first city in the world with this technology," said Better Place CEO Agassi. As of March 1, Israel's electric car grid project in Israel was on schedule, according to Better Place. The company aims to have 70-100 vehicle recharging stations in operation by 2011. In September 2010 Better Place will begin testing cars. "Under the Better Place model, consumers can either buy or lease an electric car from the French automaker Renault or Japanese companies like Nissan," wrote New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman, "and then buy miles on their electric car batteries from Better Place the way you now buy an Apple cellphone and the minutes from AT&T." To promote this form of environmentally efficient transportation, the Israeli government cut the tax rate on cars powered by electricity to 10 percent (from 79 percent on ordinary cars) to encourage consumers to buy the vehicles once they become available. This initiative will offer consumers an inexpensive car for which they will pay a monthly fee based on expected mileage. The tax breaks for "clean" electric vehicles, which Israel promises to offer until at least 2015, will make the cars cheaper to consumers than gasoline-engine cars. "You'll be able to get a nice, high-end car at a price roughly half that of the gasoline model today,"Agassi said. Israeli President Shimon Peres, who actively promoted the project said, "Oil is becoming the greatest problem of our time." Not only does it pollute, he said, but "it also supports terror and violence from Venezuela to Iran...Israel can't become a major industrial country, but it can become a daring world laboratory and a pilot plant for new ideas, like the electric car." Clean Electricity Produced by the Weight of Traffic An Israeli company, Innowattech, announced in 2009 it had developed an original type of generator that uses the weight of traffic to generate clean electricity. Innowattech's specially created generator harvests mechanical energy and converts it into electrical energy, according to Innowattech Senior Technologist and Project Manager Dr. Lucy Edery-Azulay. The generators, placed five centimeters below the surface of the road, generate electricity from the pressure of cars driving over them. Said Edery-Azulay, "One kilometer of one lane generates 200 kW per hour, assuming there's enough traffic going by about 600 cars," which could generate enough electricity for 250 homes along the road. "The busier the road, the more energy is created," said Haim Abramovich, CEO and co-founder of Innowattech. Innowattech, located in the city of Ra'anana, was founded in 2007 and is connected with the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa. Joint U.S. - Israel Initiatives On Nov. 15, 2009 Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger and Israeli Minister of Industry, Trade and Labor Benjamin Ben-Eliezer signed a renewable energy research-and-development cooperation agreement. On Dec.19, 2007, then-President Bush signed into law the American-Israeli joint energy research bill. This bill funds cooperative research and development efforts by the United States and Israel for cultivating renewable and alternative energy sources. Joint research ventures include solar, biomass, wind, geothermal, wave and tidal energy, as well as advanced battery technology and energy efficiency. U.S. Rep. Brad Sherman, D-Calif., who first presented the legislation to Congress as its sole sponsor, said, "Cutting edge research by top scientists from the United States and Israel could hold the key to reducing our reliance on foreign oil. We must promote efficient use of traditional energy sources as well as research into alternative energy sources." Solar Power Energy Systems and Plants In 2009 SolarPower Ltd., an Israeli solar power system integrator and project developer built a 50-kilowatt rooftop solar power system for HP's Indigo division facility in Kiryat Gat, Israel. SolarPower, along with U.S.-based SunPower Corp., a manufacturer of high-efficiency solar cells, solar panels and solar systems, dedicated the new system on Dec. 21. Construction of this project began in October 2009 based on SolarPower's design and SunPower's high-efficiency solar panel technology. Said SolarPower Co-CEO Alon Tamari, "We are very pleased to have completed the first solar power installation for the high-technology industry in Israel." Solel Solar Systems Ltd., formerly an Israeli company, designed the key components for a new solar energy plant in Nevada that produces 64 megawatts of electricity, enough to power 48,000 homes in the Las Vegas Valley. The plant uses 190,000 curved parabolic mirrors, concentrating desert sunlight to 750 degrees Fahrenheit, in order to heat synthetic oil inside tubes that, in turn, create steam and drive a turbine to produce electricity. These liquid tubes or "solar receivers" are specially coated glass and steel vacuum tubes designed and produced by Solel Solar Systems Ltd. with Schott North America Inc. of Elmsford, N.Y. The new plant uses about 19,300 of these 13-foot (four-meter) receivers. Solel was acquired by Siemens in late 2009 for around $418 million. In November 2009 Siemens introduced the UVAC 2010 (Universal Vacuum Air Collector), which increases thermal heat production beyond currently available levels by absorbing optimal amounts of solar energy and converting it into heat. This new technology is expected to increase cost-effectiveness for those involved in solar field development. Solel and Pacific Gas and Electric together acquired a $2 billion contract in July 2007 to build the world's largest solar energy park in California by 2011 that will provide enough electricity for 400,000 homes and stretch over 6,000 acres (23 sq. km.). It will use 1.2 million mirrors and 317 miles of vacuum tubing to harness the power of the desert sun, delivering 553 megawatts of clean energy. Since 1992, Solel's technology has been powering nine solar power stations in California that generate 350 megawatts of electricity. Israel is likewise increasing its domestic solar power operations. In February 2008, the Israeli government issued a tender for the construction of two solar energy plants in the southern Negev desert. The two plants will supply 250 megawatts of electricity, equivalent to three percent of Israel's electricity consumption. These new plants, along with 300 megawatts from wind power, will permit Israel to produce 600 megawatts of renewable energy by 2011-2012. Affordable Solar Power Curved Parabolic Mirrors Bar-Ilan University nanotechnology expert Professor Arie Zaban has invented a photovoltaic cell that could dramatically reduce the cost of producing electricity from solar power. Zaban, who heads The Nanotechnology Institute at Bar-Ilan, says that the cells, which are composed of metallic wires mounted on conductive glass, can form the basis of solar cells that produce electricity with efficiency similar to that of conventional, silicon-based cells while being much cheaper to make. 3GSolar (formerly Orionsolar), a Jerusalem-based company that has entered into a partnership with Bar-Ilan University, is developing commercial applications for inexpensive, dye-based photovoltaic cells based on Zaban's work. International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives In February 2008, mayors from 15 Israeli cities joined the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives' Cities for Climate Protection Campaign, committing to reduce 20 percent of greenhouse emissions in their cities by 2020. Goals for these cities, consisting of 3 million citizens (40 percent of Israel's total population), include reducing gas emissions from factories, encouraging recycling and developing more environmentally friendly public transport. Wind Turbines Israeli executives Shlomo Shmeltzer and Dr. Eli Ben-Dov, along with Epcon Industries, aim to build a wind-turbine farm that will generate 50 megawatts of power in Israel's southern Arava region. Together, the two men also installed 100 megawatts of turbines in northern Israel. Geothermal Energy Israel's Ormat group is doing pioneering work in another alternative field of energy, geothermal energy. The geothermal plants harness steam, heat or hot water from geysers or hot springs on the earth's surface to produce electricity. Ormat operates 11 geothermal power plants in five countries, providing 360 megawatts of power to 500,000 people. Despite the absence of formal diplomatic ties between Indonesia and Israel, Indonesia's state electric company awarded Ormat, along with two other companies, a tender in July 2006 to construct a new 340-megawatt geothermal power project on the island of Sumatra. It will be the largest such facility in history. Years-long negotiations between the government and the local developer over electricity price revisions have delayed work on the project, and in 2010 the Indonesian government slashed by 18 percent its anticipated energy from geothermal sources. Meanwhile, a consortium including Ormat is competing against another consortium for a bid to build another geothermal plant, also on Sumatra. The Israel Project http://www.theisraelproject.org/ is an international nonprofit organization devoted to educating the press and the public about Israel while promoting security, freedom and peace. The Israel Project provides journalists, leaders and opinion-makers accurate information about Israel. The Israel Project is not related to any government or government agency. The Israel Project authorizes and welcomes use of any part or all of this release/statement free of charge and without attribution. |
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Lower explosion limit
[LEL]
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Subsea tieback; Subsea tiebacks
Subsea tiebacks, which link new discoveries to existing infrastructure, are now becoming viable and are set to become a major factor in the development of new oil and gas reserves in the 21st century. With larger oil and gas discoveries becoming less common, attention has turned to previously untapped, less economically viable discoveries. If a deposit is isolated, it is usually not economically viable. However, rising crude oil prices and increasing demand for gas means that previously uneconomical deposits are now starting to look attractive. Indeed, exploiting new discoveries using existing production facilities is an important way of obtaining maximum value from existing infrastructure. Of course, this still does not solve the technical difficulties of laying subsea pipelines and the installation of subsea production platforms and processing units. How much easier and less expensive it would be if existing infrastructure could be used to recover the oil and gas and transport it to market. This is where subsea tiebacks are now becoming an appealing option. Subsea tiebacks can require significantly lower initial investments compared with developments using floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) or fixed installations. The economics of a field are, however, governed by a number of factors specific to that field: • Distance from existing installation • Water depth • Recoverable volumes, reservoir size and complexity • Tariffs for processing the produced fluids on an existing installation • The potentially lower recovery rates from subsea tiebacks versus standalone development, due to limitations in the receiving facility's processing systems • The potentially higher recovery rates from platform wells, due to easier access to well intervention and workovers The Scandinavian oil giant Statoil has instigated a number of recent subsea tieback developments. One of these has recently come online, the Skinfaks / Rimfaks project in the North Sea. Field recovery in the project will be increased using several wells via tieback to the Gullfaks C platform. The technology for subsea tiebacks has been widely available since about 1990-1995, but more established and field-proven technologies are sometimes preferred because they reduce the risks in small or marginal developments. Modern advances in flow assurance and multiphase transport now allow the use of tiebacks over much longer distances, while the introduction of subsea processing will strengthen the business case for subsea tiebacks in future developments. In addition, new tools have become available for boosting pressure and removing sand and water from the wellstream, and for assisting reservoir pressure on subsea tiebacks, and this has boosted the case for the development of marginal projects. One of these tools is Advantica's grouted tee hot tapping, developed as a lower-cost alternative to other pipeline modification methods for subsea installations. Such technologies are essential to the economics of subsea tiebacks. Subsea tiebacks provide a number of important benefits in the development of oil and gas fields. Because much of the infrastructure is already in place, projects can be fast tracked and brought into production much more quickly. There can be flexible and phased developments in certain fields, which are beneficial for small / marginal developments. In addition, as production capacity becomes available on existing installations and infrastructure, subsea tiebacks are very important in maintaining production levels. Of course, this still does not solve the technical difficulties of laying subsea pipelines and the installation of subsea production platforms and processing units. How much easier and less expensive it would be if existing infrastructure could be used to recover the oil and gas and transport it to market. This is where subsea tiebacks are now becoming an appealing option. Subsea tiebacks can require significantly lower initial investments compared with developments using floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) or fixed installations. The economics of a field are, however, governed by a number of factors specific to that field: • Distance from existing installation • Water depth • Recoverable volumes, reservoir size and complexity • Tariffs for processing the produced fluids on an existing installation • The potentially lower recovery rates from subsea tiebacks versus standalone development, due to limitations in the receiving facility's processing systems • The potentially higher recovery rates from platform wells, due to easier access to well intervention and workovers The technology for subsea tiebacks has been widely available since about 1990-1995, but more established and field-proven technologies are sometimes preferred because they reduce the risks in small or marginal developments. Modern advances in flow assurance and multiphase transport now allow the use of tiebacks over much longer distances, while the introduction of subsea processing will strengthen the business case for subsea tiebacks in future developments. In addition, new tools have become available for boosting pressure and removing sand and water from the wellstream, and for assisting reservoir pressure on subsea tiebacks, and this has boosted the case for the development of marginal projects. One of these tools is Advantica's grouted tee hot tapping, developed as a lower-cost alternative to other pipeline modification methods for subsea installations. Such technologies are essential to the economics of subsea tiebacks. Subsea tiebacks provide a number of important benefits in the development of oil and gas fields. Because much of the infrastructure is already in place, projects can be fast tracked and brought into production much more quickly. There can be flexible and phased developments in certain fields, which are beneficial for small / marginal developments. In addition, as production capacity becomes available on existing installations and infrastructure, subsea tiebacks are very important in maintaining production levels. |
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Ring-fence; Ring-fencing; Ring fence; Ring fencing
In countries where there is significant production by investors the state can decide whether to allow the investor to offset the cost of incremental exploration and development work against the taxable income being generated by the producing fields. Thus it is very important to establish the entity that is liable to tax and/or other fiscal terms and this is known as the “ring fence”. Most fiscal terms are levied on all activity within a concession or contract area, i.e. all costs incurred in the area may be offset against any income generated in the area. Some regimes allow investor’s to consolidate all or some of their contract areas so costs incurred in one field may be offset against income generated in another. Others are less benign and impose a ring fence around the producing field so that only costs associated with the field can be deducted from the income generated by the field. When a fiscal ring fence is drawn around each field, new fields start predictably at the bottom of the R Factor scale. The wider the ring fence and the higher the marginal rate of State Take, the higher the share of risk the state will be taking in the project. As this is somewhat contrary to the state’s perceived role, it will normally try and keep tight ring fences around producing fields but in mature areas, where discoveries are getting smaller and the potential rewards lower, investors argue very strongly for ring fences to be broadened so that they can restore positive EMV and continue exploration. |
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במדינות שבהן ניכרת השתתפות המשקיעים בהפקת נכסי אנרגיה, הרשויות יכולות להחליט אם לאפשר למשקיע לקזז את העלות המצטברת בגין עבודות חיפושים ופיתוח כנגד ההכנסה החייבת בגין תפוקת השדות. לכן חשוב מאוד להגדיר מהי הישות החייבת במס ו/או הכפופה לנהלי מיסוי בשיטה הנקראת גידור טבעתי. רוב נהלי המיסוי חלים על כל הפעילות בשטח הזיכיון או ההסכם, כלומר אפשר לקזז את כל העלויות בגין פעילות בשטח מוגדר כנגד כל רווח שנוצר באותו השטח. משטרים מסוימים מאפשרים למשקיעים לשכלל את שטחי החוזה שלהם באופן חלקי או מלא, כך שניתן יהיה לקזז עלויות בגין פעילות בשדה אחד כנגד הכנסה שנוצרה בשדה אחר. משטרים אחרים מיטיבים פחות עם המשקיעים ומגדרים את השדה המפיק באופן המאפשר לנכות מן ההכנסה החייבת אך ורק את ההוצאות המיוחסות לאותו השדה. כאשר מוטל גידור טבעתי מסביב לכל שדה, השדות החדשים ממוקמים כצפוי בתחתית סולם ה-R-factor. ככל שהגידור הטבעתי מתרחב ושיעור ההשתתפות השולי של המדינה גדל, עולה רמת הסיכון שהמדינה לוקחת על עצמה בפרויקט. תרחיש מסוג זה מנוגד יחסית להתנהלותה האופיינית של המדינה ששואפת בדרך כלל לשמור על גידור הדוק מסביב לשדות מפיקים, אך בשווקים מפותחים שבהם תגליות חדשות הולכות ופוחתות והתגמול הפוטנציאלי יורד, המשקיעים נאבקים על הרחבת הגידור הטבעתי על מנת לחזור ל- EMV חיובי ולהמשיך בחיפושים. |
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Upper explosion limit
[UEL]
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Shortfall gas; Shortfall price (GSA)
Part of gas sales agreement (GSA) clause between gas supplier and gas consumer. For instance, if a gas Seller fails to deliver a proper nomination of Buyer, then the quantity not supplied which exceeds a (2%-5% - depending on how the sides manage their negotiations) daily operational tolerance will be considered shortfall gas and Sellers will supply an equal quantity of such shortfall gas in the following month at the shortfall price. The shortfall gas price should be at a discounted price (50%-90% discount rate depends on how the sides manage their negotiations) of the Contract Price. |
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חלק מסעיף בהסכם למכירת גז טבעי (GSA) בין ספק גז טבעי לצרכן גז טבעי. למשל, אם ספק הגז לא יספק את מלוא הכמות הנקובה על ידי הקונה, כל חריגה מעל (2% - 5% לפי החוזה) מן ההגבלה התפעולית היומית תיחשב לגז חסר שעל המוכר להעמיד לרשות הקונה במחיר גרעוני בחודש שלאחר חודש החריגה . מחיר הגז החסר יהיה מופחת (בשיעור של 50%-90% לפי החוזה) בהשוואה למחיר שנקבע בחוזה. |
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Location specific risk
[LSR]
Location specific risk is the risk of fatality from all hazards to an individual spending 100% of the time in a fixed location and assumed to be outside. |
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x
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De-risk
To cut down the amount of risks involved in oil and gas exploration Such as the results of exploration wells help to continue to de-risk the production outlook |
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x
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Pollutant Release and Transfer Register
[PRTR]
Record and report the movement of hazardous and polluting materials |
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x
רישום ולדווח על תנועת חומרים מזהמים ומסוכנים דרכם (PRTR). |
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Junk shot
The injection under pressure of a variety of materials into a BOP to seal off upward flow such as in the case of the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. At first BP injected mud alone into the well, but then started adding rubber golf balls and scraps to the mud to help block leaks in the well. Some of the junk-shot pieces are fibrous and small, and others are larger rubber balls. The goal of the junk shot is to force-feed the preventer, the device that failed when the disaster unfolded on April 20, 2010 until it becomes so plugged that the oil stops flowing or slows to a relative trickle. That would be followed by a “top kill,” the pumping of heavy mud into the well to overcome the pressure of the rising oil, followed in turn by cement that would permanently seal it. |
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x
הזרקת מגוון חומרים למונע התפרצות על מנת לחסום את הזרם העולה. |
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Petroleum Economics and Policy Solutions
[PEPS]
An IHS product that is regularly updated and widely used by companies active in the global oil and gas business. PEPS provides statistical data and analysis concerning some 125 hydrocarbon provinces, including political risk assessment and fiscal terms. |
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x
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Japan Crude Cocktail
[JCC]
The Japan Crude Cocktail price, or the average price for customs-cleared crude oil imports which is used as the benchmark for LNG prices for Japanese buyers |
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x
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R-Factor; R factor
Ratio of Contractor cumulative receipts to cumulative expenditure |
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x
יחס בין תקבולים מצטברים להוצאות מצטברות |
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Lost time injury, Lost time injuries; Lost Time Injury Frequency, loss time injury
[LTI, LTIs; LTIF]
Lost Time Injury Frequency, expressed as injury frequency per million hours worked. Lost Time Injuries is any work related injury or illness that prevents an employee to carry out a work day after the said incident. Exploring, developing and producing hydrocarbons is an intrinsically hazardous activity. LTIs are an important element of an oil and gas exploration company’s reporting and are part of its HSSE policy and safety performance. They become part of Lost Time Injury Frequency, which is the number of LTIs recorded for a group of workers, per million hours worked by that group. The ultimate goal is to attain Zero Loss Time Injuries |
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x
תאונת עבודה או מחלת מקצוע הנוטלת מן העובד את היכולת לעבוד למחרת התקרית כאמור. ה-LTI הם אלמנט חשוב בדיווח חברת חיפושים בענף נפט וגז וכמוכן הם מהווים חלק ממדיניות ה-HSSE (בריאות, בטיחות, ביטחון ואיכות הסביבה) ותפקוד בטיחותי. הם משמשים כנתון לחישוב תדירות ה-LTI שהיא מספר ה-LTI לכל X עובדים ב-100 מיליון שעות עבודה |
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Distribution shipper transportation tariff
[DSTT]
The tariff chargeable by INGL from a distribution shipper |
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x
תעריף שנתג"ז גובה ממשלח במערכת חלוקה |
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Ceiling Limit; Threshold Limit Value – Ceiling
[C-TLV]
The maximum allowable human exposure limit for an airborne substance which is not to be exceeded even momentarily. |
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x
הרמה המרבית של גורמים כימיים ופיסיקליים באזור עבודתו של העובד אשר מעליה אסורות חריגות כלשהן בכל פרק זמן שהוא במשך יום העבודה. |
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De-ris; Risk aversion
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x
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